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Objective: To study the main constituents from Gardenia jasminoides. Method In this study, the chemical constituents of enrichment fraction of iridoid glycosides were isolated by various chromatographic techniques and their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analyses and comparison of NMR data with those reported in literatures. Results: The 60% ethanol extract of G. jasminoides was subjected to HP-20 macroporous adsorption resin CC to yield 30% ethanol fraction (GJ-2, UPLC-Q/TOF-MS method was used to identify the enrichment fraction of iridoid glycosides). Thirty-one compounds were obtained and characterized as 2'-O-trans-coumaroylgardoside (1), 6'-O-trans-sinapoylgardoside (2), 7-deoxygardoside (3), tarenninoside C (4), 2'-O-coumaroylmussaenosidic acid (5), 10-O-caffeoyl deacetyldaphylloside (6), 6'-O-trans-sinapoylgeniposide (7), genipin-1-O-β-D-gentiobioside (8), geniposide (9), 7-deoxy-8-epiloganicacid (10), secologanoside (11), gardenamide A (12), 6'-O-trans-sinapoyljasminoside B (13), epijasminoside A (14), jasminodiol (15), 6'-O-trans-sinapoyljasminoside L (16), 3-(β-D- glucopyranosyl-oxymethyl)-2,4,4-trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one (17), jasminoside C (18), sinapinic acid (19), caffeic acid (20), methyl gallate (21), C-veratroylglucol (22), β-hydroxypropiosyringone (23), 3-hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenoyl) propan-1-one (24), threo-guaiacylglycerol-8'-vanillic acid ether (25), 1,2-bis-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1,3-propanediol (26), trans-2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-β-D-glucoside (27), 1-sinapoyl-β-D-glucopyranoside (28), 1,3,5-trimethoxybenzene (29), rutin (30), and glycyrrhisoflavone (31), respectively. Conclusion: Compounds 1-12are iridoid glycosides and 13-18are monoterpenoid glycosides. Compounds 6, 10, 22-29, and 31 were identified from Gardeniae Fructus for the first time.
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Objective To analyze of genetic diversity of Gardenia jasminoides and provide the information for the conservation and new variety breeding of G. jasminoides. Methods 12 ISSR primers and 9 primer combinations of SRAP were used to assess the polymorphisms, genetic diversity, and cluster analysis within 21 G. jasminoides materials from three populations. Results The results showed that 100 (80.00%) of 125 and 74 (92.50%) of 80 bands were polymorphic by ISSR and SRAP primers amplification, respectively. In ISSR results, the populations of species level of observed number of alleles (Na), effective number of alleles (Ne), Nei’s gene diversity (H), Shannon’s information index (I), total genetic diversity for species (Ht), and the mean heterozygosity with populations (Hs) were 1.461 3, 1.307 7, 0.173 1, 0.254 5, 0.239 1, and 0.173 1, respectively. Comparatively, for SRAP primers, the Na, Ne, H, I, Ht, and Hs value was 1.579 2, 1.342 1, 0.197 4, 0.295 9, 0.289 9, and 0.197 4, respectively. The coefficient of gene differentiation (Gst) for population was 0.276 2 and 0.318 9, which indicated that the within-population component accounted for 73.38% and 68.11%, respectively. The average mean of gene flow (Nm > 1) suggested that there certainly gene flow among the populations. UPGMA analysis showed that 21 samples were clustered into 2 branches, and a hierarchical dendrogram based on SRAP was more consistent with actual populations. Conclusion The gene diversity of G. jasminoides populations was high. The characteristics of genetic structure included genetic differentiation that occurs mainly within populations, which provided a reference for conservation and breeding of G. jasminoides germplasm.
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Gardenia jasminoides is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine, which is also the first batch of being used for both medicine and food issued by Ministry of Health of China. In recent years, G. jasminoides has been applied widely in medicine and health food, so the quality evaluation of G. jasminoides has become a key problem urgently needed to be solved in this industry. Based on the review of its chemical composition and pharmacological effects, combined with the definition of Q-marker, this study processed predictive analysis on Q-marker of G. jasminoides from several aspects at chemical composition, new clinical use, measurable composition, traditional medicine properties and efficacy, plasma composition, and storage time, which provides the basis for quality evaluation of G. jasminoides.
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Objective: To investigate the pharmacological mechanism of the crocin compounds from Gardenia jasminoides in Zhejiang Province by using network pharmacology. To provide a valuable research strategy for the rational use and in-depth research and development of G. jasminoides from Zhejiang. Methods: Our previous research results showed that the Zhejiang area of Gardenia crocin content and other areas have significant difference. Based on the results, the crocin compounds from G. jasminoides were used to predict the targets according to Pubchem, Uniprot, STITCH, SWISS, and TCMSP online databases. Cytoscape software was used to construct compound-target-disease network of the G. jasminoides crocin ingredients. The targets were analyzed by Gene ontology (GO) enrichment and KEGG pathway analysis using CTD online analysis platform to analyze main biological pathways for obtaining the deep mechanism of G. jasminoides in Zhejiang. Results: The crocin compounds from G. jasminoides in Zhejiang Province were obtained through previous work and network pharmacology screening, such as crocin-1 and crocin-2, and 18 corresponding targets were acted, such as FGF2, VEGFA, KDR, and FLT1. These targets could joint in pathways, such as GPCR, Rap1, and Ras signaling pathway. These ingredients are mainly used to treat 18 related diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, tumors and digestive system. Conclusion: The method based on system pharmacology could help to find the key targets of characteristic high-content chemical constituents of herb from different producing areas, signaling pathway and disease network of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), and provide useful information and data support for giving a further study on TCM resources in different regions of China.
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Objective To develop a simple, rapid and sensitive method for the determination of major compounds from Gardenia jasminoides Ellis using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS).Methods The analysis was performed on Dikma Diamonsil?C18 (100mm×4.6mm, 5μm) column with acetonitrile-0.1％acetic acid and 0.1％acetic acidwater as mobile phase at a rate of 0.4ml/min.The column temperature was set at 40℃and the injection volume was 2μl.Quantification of these compounds was performed by LC-MS/MS with positive or negative ion mode electrospray ionization (ESI) in the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode.Nebulizer gas, 3L/h;drying gas, 15L/h;desolvation line (DL) temperature, 240℃;heat block temperature, 300℃;CID, 230kPa.The mass transition of the precursor/product ions was monitored at m/z 391.10→149.30for shanzhiside, 573.40→365.05for genipin-1-gentiobioside, 447.30→225.15for geniposide.Results The regress equation of shanzhiside, genipin-1-gentiobioside and geniposide were Y=243.810 X-289.957, r=0.999 9;Y=137.125 X+2 092.76, r=0.999 6;Y=2 030.32 X+823 213, r=0.999 8in the range of 10.76-215.2ng/ml;516-4 128ng/ml;2 000-20 000ng/ml respectively.This validated method has good repeatability, precision, recovery and stability.The results meet the requirements by regulation.Conclusion This method shortened the analysis time and improved efficiency.It assayed the three iridoid glycosides in Gardenia jasminoides Ellis sensitively and precisely.This method can be used for the quality control of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis.
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Objective The genetic diversity of the natural populations of Gardenia jasminoides were investigated to provide scientific basis for its resources protection and rational utilization. Methods Fourteen pairs of EST-SSR primers were screened in 19 natural populations of 573 individuals to calculate the genetic parameters of G. jasminoides, and further cluster analysis was then carried out. Results Fourteen pairs of EST-SSR primers generated 75 loci, which showed high genetic diversity maintained in natural populations of G. jasminoides (He = 0.703). Mean population gene diversity (Nei) within populations was 0.603, the Shannon’s diversity index (I) was 1.10. Moderate genetic differentiation (Fst= 0.141) and high gene flow (Nm = 1.523) among populations have been showed too. AMOVA analysis revealed that genetic variation within populations was the main sources of total variation. The Mantle test showed there was no significant correlation between genetic distances and geographic distances. Moreover, significant bottlenecks effects in two-phased model of mutation (TPM) test in 73.7% populations were detected in recent history. Conclusion The results in this study indicated that high level genetic diversity were existed in the natural G. jasminoides populations.
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Objective: The genetic variation and relationship of 47 pieces of Gardenia jasminoides germplasms were analyzed by SCoT molecular markers. Methods: The genetic similarity coefficient was calculated by NTSYS version 2.1 software and the dendrogram was constructed by UPGMA method. Results: More than 20 polymorphic primers were screened from 36 primers and PCR amplificated to test materials. The primers generated totally 154 bands among which 120 bands were found to be polymorphic, with an average of 78.14%. The genetic similarity coefficient among the germplasms ranged from 0.655 8 to 0.980 5, and the average content was 0.784 1. The clustering results showed that the genetic diversity of G. jasminoides was rich and the genetic relationship was complex. Conclusion: SCoT markers were feasible and effective to analyze the genetic diversity of G. jasminoides germplasm resources. The results provide a reliable theoretical basis for breeding, classification, preservation and utilization of G. jasminoides.
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Fruits of Gardenia jasminoides (Zhizi in Chinese) have been used as dietary supplement and traditional Chinese medicine for thousands of years. Recent studies on Gardenia jasminoides reveal that the extracts or the active components play an essential role in oxidative stress, inflammation, hepatoprotection, neuroprotection, anti-diabetes, antitumor and so on. Here, we reviewed G. jasminoides in the aspects of botanical identity, chemical ingredients, pharmacology and pharmacokinetics, safety and toxicity evaluation, clinical application, etc.
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Objectives: Gardenia Jasminoides Ellis (Zhizi), belonging to Rubiaceae family, has been traditionally used for treatment cholestasis and jaundice for centuries in Asian countries. In the theory of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Zhizi could dispel dampness and heat via the urine to execute its choleretic effects. However, the potential molecular mechanism has been still poorly clarified. Here, we investigated the effect of different dose of Zhizi aqueous extract powder (0.3 g/kg/d and 0.9 g/kg/d) on urinary excretion of bile acids (BAs), and defined the potential mechanism via renal BAs efflux transporters Mrp2 and Mrp4 in normal rats. Methods: Male Wistar rats were orally administrated with 0.3 or 0.9 g/kg/d dose of Zhizi aqueous extract powder for 2 weeks, then body weight, serum aminotransferase, total BAs concentrations in liver, bile, serum, kidney and urine, 1 h bile flow, 12-h urinary volume, biliary and urinary excretion amount of total BAs as well as protein expression of major renal BAs efflux transporter Mrp2 and Mrp4, were all evaluated. Results: Zhizi especially the high dose of Zhizi aqueous extract powder could reduce hepatic total BAs concentration. Additionally, bile flow and biliary excretion had no significant difference, but the remarkable increasing urinary excretion of BAs and 2 to 3 folds up-regulated renal Mrp2 expression were observed after administrated with Zhizi as compared with the control group. Conclusion: The findings indicate that Zhizi reduces hepatic total BAs level by increasing urinary excretion rather than the biliary excretion of BAs, which, in turn ascribed to elevated protein expression of Mrp2 at apical membrane of renal tubular epithelial cells.
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Abstract: Purpose: In this paper summarize chemical compound and pharmacological effect of Gardenia Jasminoides Ellis. Background: Gardenia Jasminoides Ellis(Jurur) is one of always used medicine plants in Mongolian medicine. Gardenia Jasminoides Ellis has bitter flavor and cool quality and mainly used remove to hot of blood, remove to badgan and shar etc. Method: Вy analys methond and documents method to analyzed research articlest and material of Gardenia Jasminoides Ellis in China Biological Medical Digest Data-base and Chinese Journals Full Text Data-base Result and Conclusion: Gardenia Jasminoides Ellis has variety of chemical compound, including Iridoid , Chlorogenic acid, Triterpenoid, Volatile oil and polysaccharide and has many pharmacological effect such as Cholecyst, liver protective effect, reduce to blood fat and blood press, anti-atherosclerosis and anti cerebral ischemic injury. Iridoid of Gardenia Jasminoides has main activity chemical compound for that’s pharmacological effect. Key words: Gardenia Jasminoides Ellis, chemical compound, pharmacological effect, Iridoid, liver protective effect.
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Abstract:Purpose: In this paper summarize chemical compound and pharmacological effect of Gardenia Jasminoides Ellis.Background: Gardenia Jasminoides Ellis(Jurur) is one of always used medicine plants in Mongolian medicine. Gardenia Jasminoides Ellis has bitter flavor and cool quality and mainly used remove to hot of blood, remove to badgan and shar etc.Method: Вy analys methond and documents method to analyzed research articlest and material of Gardenia Jasminoides Ellis in China Biological Medical Digest Data-base and Chinese Journals Full Text Data-baseResult and Conclusion: Gardenia Jasminoides Ellis has variety of chemical compound, including Iridoid , Chlorogenic acid, Triterpenoid, Volatile oil and polysaccharide and has many pharmacological effect such as Cholecyst, liver protective effect, reduce to blood fat and blood press, anti-atherosclerosis and anti cerebral ischemic injury. Iridoid of Gardenia Jasminoides has main activity chemical compound for that’s pharmacological effect.Key words: Gardenia Jasminoides Ellis, chemical compound, pharmacological effect, Iridoid, liver protective effect.
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AIM To observe the relationship between dose effect and time effect on hepatoxicity of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis extract in rats.MOTHODS Wistar rats were divided into four groups:low,middle and high (3,10,and 30 g/kg) dose of G.Jasminoides groups (administrated by gavage),and the normal control group were orally given deionized water.All rats were observed daily during the administration period.On the 7th,14th,28th day after the administration,blood samples were collected;serum alanine transaminase (ALT),aspartate transaminase (AST),alkaline phosphatase (ALP),glutamic dehydrogenase (GLDH) activity and total bile acid (TBA) and total bilirubin (TBIL) were determined.The livers were weighed and the liver index was calculated.HE staining and observation of histopathological changes in the structure of liver tissue under light microscopy were performed.RESULTS After the 7th day of administration,the rats in high dose group showed lower food consumption and slowly increased body weight.Serum ALT,AST,ALP,TBA,TBIL and GLDH in rats from high dose group were significantly higher than those in the normal control group.The liver index of rats in the middle and high dose groups was significantly increased than that in the normal control group.After the 14th day of administration,serum ALT,TBA and TBIL in rats from the high dose group were significantly higher than those in the normal group.The liver index of rats in the middle and high dose groups was significantly increased than that in the normal control group.After 28th day of administration,serum ALT and TBA in the rats from the high dose group,TBIL and GLDH in rats from the middle dose group,and GLDH in rats from the low dose group were significantly higher than those in the normal control group.The liver indexes of rats in all dose groups were significantly increased than those in the normal control group.After the 7th,14th or 28th day of the treatment,histopathological changes such as the liver cell hypertrophy,interlobular bile duct hyperplasia,and inflammatory cell infiltration appeared in the middle and high dose groups.CONCLUSION The high dose of G.jasminoides can induce and increase liver toxicity with the increase in dose,but at high dose level,liver toxicity does not increase with time.
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Objective: To study the chemical constituents from the flowers of Gardenia jasminoides. Methods: The compounds were isolated by extensive chromatographic methods, including macroporous adsorption resin, silica gel column chromatography, and HPLC method. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of physiochemical properities and spectroscopic data. Results: Ten compounds were obtained and identified as kaempferol 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (1), kaempferol 3-O-β-D-galactopyranoside (2), kaempferol 3-O- robinobioside (3), kaempferol 3-O-rutinoside (4), corchoionoside C (5), (E)-p-hydroxycinnamic acid methyl ester (6), vanillin (7), caffeic acid (8), protocatechuic acid (9), and β-sitosterol (10). Among them, compounds 1-4 belong to flavonoid glucosides. Conclusion: Compounds 2, 3, and 5-7 are first isolated from the plants of Gardenia Ellis and compounds 1, 4, 8 and 9 are first isolated from the flowers of G. jasminoides.
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Aim To identify whether the petroleum e-ther fraction of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis ( GJ-PE ) could effetive exhibit a rapid antidepressant effect and also to investigate the biological mechanism. Methods Tail suspension test ( TST ) , forced swimming test ( FST ) and novelty suppressed-feeding ( NSF ) were used to screen the rapid antidepressant potential of ef-fective fractions of GJ-PE in KM mice at 24 h post a single administration. Tail suspension test ( TST) was also used at 30 min and forced swimming test ( FST ) was used at 2 h to test the initial onset time of effective fractions of GJ-PE in KM mice. Western blot was per-formed to examine the expression of BDNF and p-eEF2 in hippocampus of KM mice at 2 h and 24 h. Results An acute administration of GJ-PE1 decreased the im-mobility time of KM mice in FST at 2 h and 24 h and decreased the latency time in NSF at 24 h. GJ-PE3 de-creased the latency time in NSF at 24 h. GJ-PE4 in-creased the unit food consumption in NSF at 24 h. At 2 h post a single GJ-PE1 treatment, the expression of BDNF was significantly up-regulated while the expres-sion of p-eEF2 was significantly down-regulated. At 24 h post a single GJ-PE1 treatment, the expression of BDNF was significantly down-regulated while p-eEF2 expression was significantly up-regulated. Conclusion GJ-PE1 has the most significant rapid antidepressant potential among the four fractions of GJ-PE. The effec-tive time of GJ-PE1 is 2 h after drug treatment. The mechanism of the rapid antidepressant effect of GJ-PE1 at 2 h is related to the up-regulation of BDNF and down-regulation of p-eEF2 . GJ-PE3 and GJ-PE4 also have some features of rapid antidepressants. GJ-PE2 doesn′t have the rapid antidepressant potential.
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Iridoid glycosides (mainly geniposide) and crocetin derivatives (crocins) are the two major active constituents in Gardenia jasminoides Ellis. In the present study, geniposide, crocins, crocin-1 and crocetin were separated from gardenia chromatographically. Then, mice were orally administrated with geniposide (400 mg/kg b.w.), crocins (400 mg/kg b.w.), crocin-1 (400 mg/kg b.w.) and crocetin (140 mg/kg b.w.) once daily for 7 days with CCl4. Hepatoprotective properties were evaluated by biochemical parameters: Administration of geniposide, crocins, crocin-1and crocetin significantly lowered serum alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels in CCl4-treated mice. The reduced glutathione (GSH) levels and antioxidant enzymes (SOD and CAT) activities were also increased by geniposide, crocins, crocin-1 and crocetin. Histopathological examination of livers showed that these components reduced deformability, irregular arrangement and rupture of hepatocyte in CCl4-treated mice. These biochemical results and liver histopathological assessment demonstrated that geniposide, crocetin derivatives and crocetin show comparative beneficial effects on CCl4-induced liver damage via induction of antioxidant defense. Therefore, contents of geniposide and crocetin derivatives should be both considered for hepatoprotective efficacy of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis.
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Animals , Mice , Alanine Transaminase , Alkaline Phosphatase , Aspartate Aminotransferases , Gardenia , Glutathione , Hepatocytes , Iridoid Glycosides , Liver , RuptureABSTRACT
Objective: To establish the method for the specific chromatograms analysis of Crocus sativus, so as to distinguish the active constituents between saffron and gardenia. Methods: HPLC with ZorBax XDB-C18 column was used, the mobile phase was a linear gradient of methanol containing 0.5% acetic acid and water containing 0.5% acetic acid in 45 min, the detection wavelength was set at 254 nm and the flow-rate was 1.0 mL/min. Results: Multi batches of samples were analyzed to establish the specific chromatograms. Eight marked peaks were separated. The methodological evaluation showed that the method had a good repeatability. The active constituents between saffron and gardenia could be significantly distinguished by this method. Conclusion: The method is simple, rapid, and accurate with good reproducibility and can be used for the quality control and identification of C. sativus.
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Traditional Chinese medicineZhizi is the dry ripe fruit of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis, which belongs to the family of Rubiaceae. The main effective constituents of gardenia include iridoid, gardenia yellow pigment and organic acid. Modern pharmaco-logical studies showed that the main pharmacological effects of gardenia included anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and analgesic effects, liver protection, cholagogue, antilipidemic effect, antithrombus, nerve protection and anti-Alzheimer' s disease. In this paper, the ef-fective constituents and pharmacological effects of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis were reviewed to provide available information for further research.
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Objective To determine the contents of geniPoside in different Parts of the fruit of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis with different maturity degree Produced in fangxian,in order to find the oPtimum harVest Periods and the medicinal Parts. Methods The maturity of gardenia fruit are diVided into four leVels according to the color from totally green to yellow and red, and then the contents of geniPoside were determined by HPLC. Results The contents of geniPoside in all four leVels of maturity reached the standard by the Chinese Pharmacopoeia. The content of geniPoside in fruits of caesious color is uP to 13. 01%. Conclusion There is a negatiVe correlation between the maturity and the content of geniPoside in the mature fruit of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis. Caesious fruit has the best maturity degree. It is reasonable to use the whole fruit as medicine according to the Chinese Pharmacopoeia.
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Objective To investigate the synthesis of N-substituted gardenamide A derivatives. Methods Genipin was used as starting material, and all the target compounds were prepared through he selective protection of 10-hydroxyl group, the selective oxidation of 1 -semiacetal, and he lactamization when reacted with amines. Results Eight A'-gardenamide A derivatives were synthesized via a three-step process. The yields for each steps were 89%, 80%, and 22% -44% respectively. Conclusion Three-step process for the synthesis of N-substituted gardenamide A derivatives is concise. However, the yield for the last step needs to improve.
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Objective: To investigate the chemical constituents of monoterpenes in the fruits of Gardenia jasminoides. Methods: Various column chromatographies were used in the isolation and purification, and the physicochemical constant determination and spectral analysis were adopted to identify the chemical structures of monoterpenes. Results: Twelve monoterpenes were isolated from G. jasminoides, such as jasminoside B (1), jasminoside G (2), jasminodiol (3), crocusatin-C (4), (7S)-6-(hydroxymethyl)-1, 1, 5-trimethylcyclohex-3-enone (5), bornyl-6-O-β-D-xylopyranosyl-β-D-glucopyranoside (6), (10R, 11R)-gardendiol (7), (10S, 11S)-gardendiol (8), (5S, 9S)-gardenate A (9), (5R, 9R)-gardenate A (10), jasminoside E (11), and 5, 6-dihydroxymethyl-1, 1-dimethylcyclohex-4-enone (12). Conclusion: Compounds 5, 6, 8, 10, and 12 are first isolated from this plant.